Of course, persecution, stigmatisation and targeting of Muslims, who comprise almost 15 percent of the Indian citizens, though a regular phenomenon, has not been a serious concern among the Western Anglo-Saxon circles. Obviously, this is mainly due to the shared and common Islmophobic ideological roots of both Western neofascism and Hindutva fascism in India. However, several incidents of violence and atrocities that gathered momentum in recent years against Christians, who form around 2 percent of Indian population, have raised serious concerns among RSS-BJP’s European and American allies.

No doubt, unlike the Anglo-saxons, enmity towards Christians is also part of the ideological orientation of Indian fascism. For, as explained by RSS theoretician Golwalkar, while Muslims are enemy number one, Christians are enemy number two for the Hindutva fascists. That’s why, with the State power under the firm grip of RSS, saffron goons are unleashed on Christians too across India. For instance, according to the United Christian Forum, 834 incidents of violence against Christians were recorded in India during 2024, a big jump from just 139 in 2014 when Modi ascended to the throne. These attacks were against Christian institutions, prayer gatherings, or even targeted against believers in public spaces. And often, the violence, intimidations and vandalism may be under the pretext of preventing “religious conversions” or in the guise of preserving ‘Sanatan Dharma’.

However, in 2025, the year when RSS is celebrating its centenary, as in the case of Muslims, the atrocities on Christians also have crossed all bounds. By November 2025, there have been 706 documented violence, regarding which the “double engine” states like UP and Chhattisgarh are much ahead of others. In continuation of this, during December, the month when Christmas is celebrated, multiple states in India witnessed unprecedented violence, vandalism and arson led by Sanghi street goons, specifically targeting Christian institutions. In many places Christmas celebrations were disrupted and showrooms selling Christmas-related items such as caps and dresses and other items, including even those sold by footpath vendors, were vandalised across India.

Though latest official response from Western regimes on these developments in India are yet to come, numerous unofficial sources have already released their condemnations. However, many governmental and non-governmental organisations, international bodies, advocacy groups and human rights organisations originating from the West in the recent past have vehemently criticised the Indian regime regarding the violence against Christians. For instance, the European Parliament, UK Parliament, the Vatican, the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF), Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, the UN Special Rapporteur on Minority Issues, European Centre for Law and Justice (ECLJ), Open Doors, International Christian Concern (ICC), Global Christian Relief, Release International, etc., have passed resolutions or issued statements condemning the anti-Christian atrlocities and calling Indian regime to take urgent steps to resolve the issue. Some of them have even asked the EU and US to use their political- economic influence to pressure the Indian regime and for linking trade agreements with religious freedom.

In the past, when such moves were there from the West, Indian government used to issue strong statements explaining them as mere allegations with a clarification that India is a secular country and hence such charges as “unacceptable”. It is true that, in spite of such pressures, Western powers have not resorted to any direct economic or diplomatic interventions in this regard, and were often adjusting with the Modi government’s explanation that it is capable to manage such internal matters with its own institutions. However, when the 2025 December atrocities and violence against Christians assumed a pan-Indian dimension (including even in Kerala, where Christian community has a relatively dominant economic and political clout on account of historical factors), Modi had to resort to some “face-saving exercise”.

As it’s manifestation, on 25 December itself, Modi attended the morning worship service at Cathedral Church of the Redemption in Delhi. After participating in the religious ceremony which included prayers, carols, and hymns, he posted on social media that the service “reflected the timeless message of love, peace and compassion” and expressed hope that the “spirit of Christmas would inspire harmony and goodwill in our society”. Modi’s participation, which has been reported as a “symbolic gesture” in view of country-wide violence and intimidation against Christians, got much media attention both in India and abroad.

However, this “face-saving exercise” is not sufficient enough to cover up the 555 percent surge in anti-Christian violence by Sanghi goons over the past decade. Its repercussions for Indian expatriates are manifested in their heightened concerns about their own safety in the countries they are living now. As such, they are not satisfied with the inadequate measures taken by the Indian regime to appropriately deal with the issue. Though US and EU governments have not taken an official position on the matter, several non-governmental and semi-governmental organisations from these countries such as USCIRF, Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch have alleged complicity and silence on the part of India. And, the USCIRF has even recommended for designating India as a “Country of Particular Concern” in this regard. To be precise, amid the much trumpeted self-declarations on “Vishwaguru”, “Mother of Democracy”, etc, what’s at stake is India’s erstwhile democratic credentials themselves!

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A Concrete and Coordinated Political, Economic and Military Action against Zionist Israel is Most Urgent!

As US-Zionist Nexus Declares the Final Phase of Genocide on Gaza, Rhetorical Posturing Devoid of Action from International Community is Meaningless !

Now, with their ultimate plan of occupying Gaza, as the horrors and criminalities committed on Palestinians by Trump-Netanyahu duo have surpassed everything so far, the international community including the UN system and leaders of EU are still remaing at the realm of issuing rhetorical statements against Zionist violations of international laws. Even those world leaders who are issuing statements against Zionists, are revealingly silent on the full patronage extended to Netanyahu’s crimes against humanity by US, the self-proclaimed international policeman. And many of the leading EU regimes, while condemning the Zionst genocide, horrors and criminalities in words, are still shamelessly exporting weapons to Israel. This double stand from neofascist EU and fascist regimes like India has further emboldened Netanyahu to carry on the Zionist project of totally exterminating Palestinians from Gaza.

The systematic Zionist extermination and genocide of Gazans have already assumed many cruelties of hitherto unknown dimensions. Attracting starving Palestinians to aid distribution centres and killing them en masse was one of the heinous methods pursued by US-backed notorious GHF (Gaza Humanitarian Foundation) in this regard. Now, as part of total extermination and displacement of Gazans from their habitat, this method is being extended to the entire Gaza City. As such a deadly combination of blockade, bombardment, besiege, starvation, disease and killing has become the norm in Gaza as reported by independent agencies like Amnesty International. Amid solidarity statements and condemnation by all concerned, the US-led neofascist global system today is nothing more than a spectator as Yankee-Zionist nexus is carrying out its crimes with impunity. What goes on is not a war, but a unilateral holocaust upon shelterless and starving civilians comprising emaciated children crying for food, pregnant and breast-feeding women and differently abled persons, even as many are dying on a regular basis. US-Zionist war-machine is continuously obstructing the supply of even medicines by independent humanitarian organisations, and even killing their workers along with journalists.

True, only US and Israel voted against the UN proposal to recognise food as fundamental human right, even as the number of children starved to death has crossed 300. However, as already mentioned, apart from issuing statements, the leading powers of EU are still reluctant to take appropriate political, economic and military steps against the unlawful and criminal Zionist occupation destruction and genocide against Palestinians. Further, the EU and NATO members who were silent when Zionists were developing the nuclear weapons, together with US-Zionist nexus, are now repeatedly going after Iran and threatening it’s alleged nuclear programs. This is part of neofascist EU’s inherent Islamophobia and pro-Zionist orientation. The EU’s incessant targeting of Hamas, which is the only anti-Zionist political resistance force in occupied Palestine, is also part of this apology towards Zionism. The Starmer government in Britain is criminalizing protests against Zionist genocide in Gaza, and even branding protestors as ” terrorists”. At the same time, Trump, the patron of Zionists today, is in the course of issuing economic and military threats to Latin American countries such as Brazil and Venezuela for their solidarity with Palestinians.

Meanwhile, it is despicable on the part of many Arab regimes, who are lackeys of US, and whose only concern is regarding the security of their huge petrodollar deposits with US, to remain indifferent to the ongoing US-Zionist genocide against Palestinians. At the same time, it is heartwarming that hundreds of thousands of secular Jews are rising up against the Natanyahu regime’s Gaza genocide. According to independent observers the simmering discontent and rebellion within Isaraeli army may spiral out of control at any moment. In spite of Trump’s liberal financial and military backing, many are predicting an impending implosion from within Israel. Still, world’s ruling regimes continue to display their shameless inaction on the ongoing 21st century holocaust upon the innocent Palestinians.

In this context it is high time on the part of the comity of nations to come forward with a concrete action plan to resort to the required political, economic and military initiatives and appropriately intervene to isolate the US-Zionist nexus and to eradicate the most vicious Zionist stranglehold over Palestine. As is already clear, present US-led UN system and it’s international arrangements have lost its teeth and credibility in the neofascist, neoliberal context. Due to a whole set of geopolitical reasons, an initiative against Zionist Israel, the neocolonial millitary outpost of US, cannot be expected from the Anglo-Saxon groupings. It is upto the Afro-Asian-Latin American countries comprising world’s vast majority of the working and oppressed people, together with all well-meaning people of the world, to rise up and take up this task without delay.

(Editorial, Red Star Monthly, September 2025)

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Allegations of India’s ‘expansionist designs’ and big-brotherly approach towards neighbouring South Asian countries are not new. Nowadays, this is often discussed with reference to the corporate involvement of Indian crony capitalist Adani, who is having the closest nexus with Modi regime. Recent mass protests against Adani in Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, followed by the winding up of certain strategic Adani investments in them got much media attention too. However, in the case of Nepal, apart from the economic dimensions of Indian penetration as manifested in Adani’s infrastructure projects in electricity and airport construction, the qualitative turn in Indian expansionism in Nepal is in relation to the surging Hindu nationalist, pro-monarchy movement there.

After the abolition of monarchy in 2008, Nepal was declared a “secular” state and Article 4 of the 2015 Constitution of Nepal had incorporated it as a basic feature of the State. Since then, Rashtriya Prajatantra Party (RPP), formed in 1990, Nepal Janata Party (NJP) formed in 2004 with the same flag and color as the BJP, Hindu pro-monarchy organizations such as the Vishwa Hindu Mahasangh, etc., have been working overtime to restore monarchy in Nepal. In this effort, according to reports, Hindutva right wing groups or Parivar organisations from India led by RSS through its Shakas in Nepal, the largest number outside India, and its political tool BJP, have been directly and indirectly influencing and encouraging pro-monarchy Hindu organisations through material and ideological backing. It is said that all these efforts have got a further boost following the ascendance of BJP regime in India in 2014, that inspired all the pro-monarchy organisations to intensify their struggle for establishing a Hindurashtra in Nepal. As it’s manifestation, the Hindu nationalist landscape in Nepal, unlike in the past, has started displaying non-tolerance to eating beef including targeting of Christians and Muslims. This is a new trend in Nepal, where political Hinduism is successfully infiltrating even into the leadership of mainstream parties and even among many self-professed Nepali communists, who earlier had an uncompromising secular approach. And, when the far-right and multi-dimensional Hindutva offensive intensified, all the mainstream parties ranging from Maoists to Nepali Congress became apologists or even proponents of political Hinduism and “sanatan dharma”. Though secularism was inserted into the Constitution after the Maoists came to power, even they took no initiative for politicising or conscientizing the people regarding the idea of secularism and a secular way of life. It provided enough space for the reactionary forces to take advantage of the far-right shift in politics with their appeal to Hindutva.

In the same vein, casteism and ethnicity, which were inalienable components of erstwhile monarchy are also bouncing back with intensified vigour in Nepal. During the time of monarchy, for instance, it was the upper castes, who dominated the corridors of power, and who defined Nepal’s national identity, according to which, Nepal remained a Hindu state led by King as an avatar of Lord Bishnu, the Hindu god. The marginalised ethnic communities who disagreed with this formulation were targeted, and even disenfranchised for being disloyal to nation. These vulnerable sections who once wholeheartedly supported the anti-monarchy movement and upheld parliamentary democracy are once again driven to the peripheries with the resurgent Hindutva offensive. In this setback, the depoliticisation and degeneration of Nepali Left has a major role. Earlier, the political base of Maoists was the discriminated, lower caste ethnic groups together with the working class. Later, the embrace of neoliberalism and its ideology by Maoists demolished all those advancements of yesteryears.

It is in this context that, as noted above, the ideological and material penetration of the Sangh Parivar from India, whose leaders on several occasions have stated their preference for Nepal as a Hindu state, assumes significance. Rajnath Singh, current Indian defence minister, who was the president of BJP in 2010 had expressed his wish of Nepal regaining it’s true identity by again becoming a Hindu state. Yogi Adityanath had even wrote letter to the Nepali prime minister in 2015, asking him to declare Nepal a Hindu nation. Hence the resurgence of the pro-monarchy Hindu nationalist movement in Nepal needs to be seen in the broader neofascist context of the patronage from the strengthening Hindutva regime in India. It’s latest manifestation has been the display of India’s UP chief minister Yogi Adityanath’s poster alongside a poster of ousted Nepali King Gyanendra at a pro-monarchy rally in Kathmandu on 9 March 2025. Of course, the close ties between Adityanath’s Gorakhnath Mutt, located in Gorakhpur in India, and Nepal’s royal family are widely known. Yogi is an open proponent of a Hindu state in Nepal. He called the Nepali parliament that declared Nepal a secular state as “kangaroo parliament” and termed the declaration as “unconstitutional”. Since Yogi had already made his reactionary stand clear, this was not a new thing. However, when the display of his poster with that of King went viral in social media, it led to widespread condemnation even among pro-monarchy sections and triggering a war of words among the Nepali political circles and even in international media, against Indian expansionist designs in Nepal. This has revived the traditional anti-India sentiment among many a section in Nepali society too. Still, in the absence of a powerful progressive, democratic and secular alternative, the current situation in Nepal does not augur well for the days ahead.

(Editorial, Red Star Monthly – April 2025)

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(Editorial, January’24 Issue of Red Star)

Cancellation of Indian Science Congress is Intertwined with the Hindutva Project

Since the ascendance of Hindutva fascist regime in 2014, the Indian Science Congress (ISC) which was traditionally inaugurated by prime minister, has lost its relevance among professional scientific community and all well-meaning people. Its root cause is the despicable attempt to saffronise the ISC and tame the Indian Science Congress Association (ISCA) as an appendage of the Department of Science and Technology (DST), now working as per Hindutva diktats. This transformation has begun with the inauguration of the 102nd Science Congress in 2015 by Modi himself who earlier claimed while inaugurating Reliance Hospital in 2014 in Mumbai that the elephant face of the Hindu god Lord Ganesha was evidence of the existence of plastic surgery in India in ancient times. Studies and papers on Ancient Indian Vedas were presented for the first time in this ISC. However, since many scientists are unwilling to toe the Hindutva obscurantist line, and following difference between ISCA and DST, the 109th ISC scheduled to start on 3 January 2024 was abandoned as Modi government has withdrawn financial support to it.

As everybody knows, while taking advantage of the material and technological gains from the rapid advancements in S&T, using the fascist state power and led by the Hindutva political leadership, efforts are in full swing to replace science with mythology and for the propagation of pseudoscience and obscurantism throughout the entire Indian science establishment where Sangh Parivar ideologues are safely seated. And revealingly, the withdrawal of government support to ISC and its unprecedented abandonment take place when Modi government is propping up the RSS outfit Vijnana Bharati (Vibha), and more particularly at a time when Vibha is given charge as the main organiser of the 9th edition of India International Science Festival (IISF) which is scheduled in Faridabad during 17-20 January 2024.

The IISF was initiated by Modi regime in 2015 claiming to make “India the most credible centre for scientific learning” as part of the “Amrit Kaal”(the goal of “Amrit Kaal” is to build an India with all the modern infrastructure of the world by 2047). No doubt, the abandonment of Science Congress should not be viewed as an isolated issue, but an inseparable part of the ongoing saffronisation of the entire education including institutions of higher learning and research in tune with the broader Hindurashtra project. And compared with the expenditure required for ISC, the fund mobilisation for IISF from government and semi-government sources is smooth. For instance, according to reports, while the total expenditure for ISC comes to Rs. 5 crore, that for IISF is around Rs. 25 crore

Obviously, ever since the coming of the Modi government in 2014, every knowledge system in India has been subjected to the saffron offensive. In the realm of history, for instance, parallel to the neofascist “new history writing” or “historical falsification” that is rampant in ‘neofascist Europe’ today, attempt to replace history with myth is the increasing trend in education and history research in India. In the same vein, the prime minister, cabinet ministers, and scientists close to the establishment have been consciously engaged in inculcating unscientific, obscurantist and pseud-oscientific ideas. Thus, claims that cosmetic surgery, reproductive genetics, stem-cell research and test-tube technology were practiced in India thousands of years ago, Hindu god Rama flew the first aeroplane, stem cell technology was known in ancient India, mix of cow products such as cow milk, cow dung and cow urine can cure cancer, etc., have been frequently coming out from persons in responsible positions. Hindutva ideologues continue to claim that many discoveries of modern science and technology were known to ancient India.

To be precise, these and similar other statements coming from those at the higher echelons power including prime minister have their policy implications pertaining to science education and research. The agenda is not set by any obscurantist or superstitious mindset, as right from Savarkar onward and including present-day neofascists the world over, many proponents of Indian fascism today need not be theists in their personal life. Rather, the aim of spreading obscurantism including the latest forcible eruption of mass hysteria around the Ram Temple is calculated fascist move to cling on vast majority of toiling people in to a state of ignorance and superstition and divert people’s attention from the threatening and horrific corporate assault on their very sustenance, and thereby accomplish the Hindutva task. The abandonment of Indian Science Congress and propping up of the RSS affiliate Vibha and IISF led by it are to be viewed in this perspective.

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April 22: Party Formation Day

CPI (ML) Red Star observes April 22, Lenin’s birth date, as Party Formation Day since CPI (ML) was founded on April 22, 1969. Of course, the Communist Party of India was founded in Tashkent in 1920 with Mohammad Shafiq as Secretary, and has a glorious history of many valiant struggles against British colonialism and Indian exploiters. However, on account of its failure to recognise the historically determined integral link between India’s inhuman caste system and class formation, the Communist could not carry forward the task of revolution. And though CPM was formed in 1964 following the inner-party struggle against revisionism of CPI leadership, the former also could not make a break from revisionist positions. As a result, the ideological -political struggle against CPM’s neo-revisionism led to the Naxalbari Uprising in May 1967 leading to the formation of CPI (ML) on April 22, 1969.

Today, when we are observing the Party Formation Day, in addition to the neoliberal-neocolonial oppression over India, India is already under neofascism led by RSS, the biggest and longest-running fascist organisation in history. As part of RSS’ majoritarian Hindurashatra agenda, the religious minorities, especially Muslims and Christians are targeted and wantonly attacked, even as efforts are in full swing to deny even citizenship right to the former. Since Manusmriti, the ideological basis of RSS, treats Dalits and women as subhuman, they are also stigmatised taking away even the minimum demcratic rights enshrined in the Constitution for them. And RSS that controls both State power and street power, micro and macro spaces, and the entire civil and military spheres of India today, is also engaged in dismantling the present Constitution and replacing it with Manusmriti, it’s long-cherished demand since the adoption of the Constitution during the 1949-50 period.

Meanwhile, as we know, due to the influence of sectarian and adventurist positions, the CPI (ML) that formed in 1969 and the Party Program adopted at the 8th Congress in 1970 failed to make an objective evaluation of the postwar neocolonial phase of imperialism and it’s concrete manifestations in India. This erroneous evaluation coupled with left adventurist practice that was effectively used by the Indian regime for repression led to a disintegration of the of CPI (ML) formed in 1969. However, after the revocation of Emergency, many efforts were taken up rejecting the sectarian approach on the one hand, and evaluation of the neocolonial transformation at a global level and in India. It was this long drawn-out initiative at the level of ideological-political struggle as well as efforts at reorganization of the revolutionary movement totally abandoning the sectarian line that culminated in the formulation of a Program and Path of Revolution in line with People’s Democratic Revolution in India and convening of the 9th Party Congress of CPI (ML) Red Star in 2011.

The 12th Party Congress conducted in September 2022, after taking into consideration the neoliberal-neofascist offensive by imperialism together with the horrific manifestions of mounting RSS fascism in India has updated the Party Documents so as to carry forward the Party’s strategic tasks as laid down in the Program and Path of Revolution and the tactical or immediate task of defeating RSS fascism as laid down in the Political Resolution.

Today, when we are observing the Party Day under RSS neofascism, the Party’s tasks are at three levels:

1. To speed up party-building, develop class and mass movements and launch struggles integrally linking up with class, caste, gender and ecological issues against the neoliberal ruling system and far-right corporate-saffron fascist policies of RSS/BJP, based on our ideological-political line.

2. In continuation of this, strive for a revolutionary left core of fraternal and communist revolutionary forces with a common minimum program against neoliberal corporatisation and all its manifestations.

3. The tactical alliance of building up the broadest possible movement of the people against RSS neofascism joining with all anti-fascist and non-fascist forces which also involves electoral struggles to isolate and defeat the fascists. In this immediate and most urgent task of idefeating RSS/BJP in the forthcoming General Election in 2024, in which non-fascist ruling classes and social democrats who pursue neoliberal policies are also involved, as communist revolutionaries, we have to uphold our independent position from the perspective of the class interests of the working class and oppressed.

Of course, while taking up these domestic tasks, it is our solemn task to strive for achieving ideological clarity on the working of imperialism according to the concrete situation today, especially in the neofascist global context. Since imperialism is the principal enemy of the world people, under the neofascist global context today, we have to take initiative for building up the Anti-Imperialist, Anti-Fascist United Front joining with communist parties and like-minded organisations. To be precise, therefore, while observing the 54th anniversary of the founding of CPI (ML), with our updated Program and other Basic Documents, it is our task to go for an all-out ideological-political offensive against RSS neo-fascism together with consistently upholding our strategic, long-term task of overthrowing the reactionary ruling system as such, and advance towards people’s democracy and socialism.

(Editorial: Red Star Monthly, April 2023)

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‘Non-Fascist’ Ruling Class Parties and Anti-Fascist Struggle

Regarding the building up of the broadest possible Anti-fascist Movement against RSS Neo-fascism, the Political Resolution adopted by the 12th congress of CPI (ML) Red Star, among other things, has called for political initiatives including electoral struggles by exploring the possibility of tactical alliances with non-fascist sections of the parliamentary parties according to concrete conditions in states. Such a tactical approach towards a broad anti-fascist movement, of course, without surrendering the long-term strategic interests of the working class and all the oppressed, is also intended to effectively utilise the contradictions among ruling class parties having overlapping interests and integration with corporate capital, so as to isolate the reactionary elements who are allies of fascists. Based on this approach, the Political Resolution reiterated the significance of avoiding a division in anti-RSS votes in the 2024 general election in view of the impending biggest-ever challenge from RSS Neo-fascism.

However, according to the present trends in the mainstream political spectrum, this is going to be a challenging task before the anti-fascist forces today. And if the present trends continue, then it will be easy for RSS/BJP to win the 2024 election and move towards its ultimate aim of establishing a Hindurashtra. For, in spite of being apparent critics of Modi regime, the non-fascist opposition parties are reluctant to study lessons from history, as is evident from the recent Assembly elections in Tripura and elsewhere or as was the case with the Assembly elections a few months back in 2022. For instance, while BJP, the fascist party tried to ally with certain tribal organisations and neutralise or manage others and could take advantage of the friction between indigenous peoples and Bengalis, the CPI (M) and Congress with their shortsightedness utterly failed to a have tactical approach in this regard.

Even now, while the Congress is under the illusion of building up an opposition alliance under its leadership, many regional parties ruling different states are coordinating for a ‘third front’ excluding the Congress. Among the opposition ranks, while opposition chief ministers in the main under threat of central agencies such as CBI and ED are carefully avoiding direct attack on Modi and RSS, they have no qualms in attacking each other both at the national level and within states. For instance, Kejriwal who is vying with BJP to prove himself more Hindutva, is openly attacking Congress. Within Bihar, even the coalition partners JDU led by chief mininser Nitish and RJD led by deputy chief minister Tejaswi are at loggerheads. In UP, there is little scope of rapport between SP and BSP against the ruling BJP. In Bengal, Mamata is eloquent on fighting the 2024 general election alone she is now speaking about her 2024 alliance with the people of India. Prime ministerial hopefuls like Chandrashekar Rao of Telengana are also there. Meanwhile, from the opposition only Rahul Gandhi is consistent in his opposition to RSS and Modi, even as many Congress leaders are soft-Hindutva in their approach.

In this critical situation where the ruling class opposition parties with their roots in neoliberalism are disoriented and divided, being devoid of people’s interests and mired in petty politics and totally lacking an anti-fascist perspective, it is easy for the RSS with state and corporate power and godi media at its disposal and backed by the most reactionary ideology of manuvadi-Hindutva to have its offensive towards the ultimate goal of majoritarian Hindurashtra denying citizenship right to Muslims and human right to Dalits. Hence it is up to the progressive-democratic forces and all well-meaning people to rise to the occasion through a concerted nationwide campaign targeting RSS neofascism that is indispensable for creating a political atmosphere which alone can compel the opportunist non-fascist opposition to take a position for not dividing the anti-BJP votes in the coming elections.

(Editorial – Red Star Monthly – March 2023)

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